Glass

= GLASS AND ANTHEM = =CHOCOLATE = ‍Introduction: = ‍Glass is a transparent, airtight and certain hardness substance. In daily life glass usually shows chemical inertness, the chemical reaction will not happen with the other substance.Glass is generally not soluble in acid substances(Hydrofluoric acid) but soluble alkali substances(Cesium hydroxide). Glass is a kind of amorphpus, the dissolved glass will be rapid cooling very fast. Chemical molecules have no enough time to turn into crystal then become glass. =


 * beautiful glass ||
 * beautiful glass ||

‍Composition:
‍The main component of glass is Silica(chemical formula is SiO2), in China, glass also call Quartz, also the main component of sand. The melting point of pure silica is twenty thousand degrees celsius. th erefore, human will add Sodium Carbonate(Na2Co3) and Potash(K2Co3). The melting point of Silica will be reduced to about one thousand dergrees celsius, but the Potash will make glass soluble into water, so human usually will add amount of Calcium oxide(CaO) to make the glass does not dissolve into water. Transparent to visible light is the greatest feature of the glass. Because during manufacture of glass, human add Sodium carbonate, so wavelengths shorter than 400 nm lights can not pass through it,such as UV. If want the UV pass through it, the glass must make of pure silica, but is very very high cost, usually call it Quartz glass. pure glass is penetrate for infrared, it could thtough several kilometers, use for electronic communication. ‍The glass we usually see, add some more compostitions, such as lead glass, human add lead to make the refractive index of glass inincrease, produce more dazzling refraction. for glass Pyrex, it add Boron, change the thermal and electrical properties of glass. Refractive index can be increased by adding Barium. If wants increase refractive index for making the manufacture of optical lenses, need to add Thorium to make the refractive index increase. If wants the glass infrared absorption, Iron can be added, projectors have this kinds of insulated glass within. UV-absorbing glass id added cerium. ‍The coler of glass could be change by adding some metal or metal oxides, amount of Manganese can turn the glass into light green, more Manganses can cause lavecder glass, Selenium can make almost the same effect like Manganses. Amount of Cobalt can cause blue glass, Tin oxide and Arsenic oxide can cause opaque white glass looks like white ceramic, Copper oxide causes green glass, but Copper will result in dark red, opaque glass, looks like a ruby. Nickel can causse blue, purple and even black glass. Titanium can cause brown. Trace amounts of gold(about0.001%)caused clear glass also like a ruby. Uranium(0.1 to 0.2%)caused the firefly yellow or green glass. Silver compounds can cause the glass orange to yellow. Change the temperature of the glass will change the color that compounds turned. the chemistry among the glass is very complex, still not completely clear solution by human.

‍History:
‍Humans since the Stone Age is believed to have used natural volcanic glass. About 2000 BC, ancient Egypt documented that containers was made by glass. 200 BC, Babylon invented a method to used the glass blowpipe to made glass, then pass this way to Rome, Roman Portland bottle is the embossed glass works during the first century AD around Europe. Until the eleventh century, the German found out the technology to manufacturing flat glass. Blown the glass ball first, then create cylindrical, cut the glass when it's still hot, and then smoothing it on the table, this technology has been further improved in the thirteenth century. Venice became the glass-making center of Europe in Fourteenth-century, a lot of glass tableware and utensils were made in Venice, many European were modeled after the Venetain glass artieans in the future. In 1827, the glass embossing machine invented, launched a way to made large- scale cheap production glassware. Sometimes the artieans will used acid or other corrosive materials. The traditional making-law, carved by the artieans during the glass was blowning or casting. Later in 1920, people invented a way that used mold with carving and used different coloers, after 1930, mass production of cheap glassware began to emerge. China have started to make glass in Xizhou Dynasty, the glass have been found in the tombs in the Xizhou Dynasty. Before the Nanbei Dynasties, Chinese made glass with fire to made the vitreous transparent material, while the Song Dynasties people started to call it glass.

‍1.Float glass/glass annealing
‍Approximately 90% glass of the world is used the glass invented and made by Pikington and his company. This kinds of glass also known as annealed glass, poured the solution of glass into a cylinder of dissolved Tin, after the fire polished the glass become almost competely flat.

‍2.Tempered glass:
‍Tempered glass is heat treatment after annealed glass, first we need to cut the annealed glass into desired size, then grind the edges and drilled holes, and begin to strengthen the process, while the glass contraction, it will make compressive stress in the surface, the tensile strees will on the external of the glass.

‍3.Dimming glass
‍Dimming glass is electronic control also called LCD glass, when the power is turned off, the liquid crystal molecules are irregularly distributed state in the glass that light can not injected in. When the power is on, the liquid crystal molecules inside shows neartly arranged, the light can penetrate freely.

‍Contact with Anthem:
‍In Anthem, the glass is great majority by decoration, people used the glass as the wall, make the house good looking, used the glass to stoped the light is the most useful way in Anthem I think. Maybe the people in that society had not used the glass well. The people there was not open, there is a lot of things that they can not speak out and can not do, they used the glass to close themself, this is also the way glass used. ==‍MLA: [|www.wikipedia] .org/wiki/%E7%/8E%BB%E7%92%83==

Glass The crystallization of wisdom By: Sandy

== = What is glass? = Glass is an amorphous solid material. Glasses are brittle and transparent. The main composition of glass is SiO2 plus Na2O and CaO, glass looks like solid, reality, it is liquid, because glass is not like metal, it is like water, it will flow, but it is very slow, maybe should speed thousands of years to flow. = Glass ingredients = The most familiar type of glass was used for windows, drinking vessels and light bulb, it is made of quartz (SiO2), lime (CaO) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). The history of creating glass can be traced back to 3500 BC in Mesopotamia and 3700 BC in Egypt. Theglass developed in Roman, roman use glass to make decoration and windows, but it is used by color glass, natively glass. About 12 century, the flint glass can be produce by Venice, they control the glass producing. In 1688, the glass was becoming common. Tempered glass has excellent ductile, and it is very hard to hurt people. It is melt the glass softens and makes it cools quickly, it will change the construction of glass, and make it has more stabilization. It is used in door, wall, and bus window, etc. it is a very common and useful kind glass. Tempered make the glass softens; this is a very big disadvantage. Color glass was made of common glass and different metallic oxide. The glassmaker heats the glass to melt and put the metallic oxide in it. When the glass cools, it will change to color glass. Most of color glass is used for art, many famous glass paintings are made by color glass. Color glass is very beautiful, but the metallic oxide will change the quality of glass, it makes glass more fragile and has lower melting point.
 * History of glass **
 * Kinds of glass **
 * Tempered glass: **
 * Color glass: **

** Wired glass: ** Wired glass is plugged the wire into the glass, the glassmaker heats the glass the glass to melt and use glass wrap the wire and make it glass cool slowly. It makes the glass solid and very ductile, but wired glass is very expensive, it is used for building big mills.

Insulated glass is put two common glasses together and make it vacuum. The insulated glass has very well deadening ability, it is used in hotel, meeting room and KTV.
 * Insulated glass: **

Laminated glass is synthesize of insulated glass and tempered glass, the laminated glass has very good strength and hardness, and it can defend the bullet!laminated glass
 * Laminated glass: **

Heat bending glass is used in art, it can change to very beautiful curve and it has excellent ductility, it is a really good way to make work of art.
 * Heat bending glass: **

It is used in astronomy, biology and chemistry. Optical glass has excellent photo permeability and refractive, it is used to make telescope and microscope. But is very hard to clean and difficult to keep, it is too fragile.
 * Optical glass: **

** Glass art ** From the 19th century, many types of fancy glass begin to have a lot of significant branches of the

decorative arts. Little glass was palmied for the first time since the Romans, firstly most of them used for pieces in a neo-classical style. The Art Nouveau movement in particular made great use of glass, with René Lalique, Émile Gallé, and Daum of Nancy important names in the first French wave of the movement, producing colored vases and likeness pieces, often in little glass, and also using glaze techniques. Louis Comfort Tiffany in America specialized in secular stained glass, mostly of plant subjects, both in panels and his famous lamps. From the 20th century, some glass artists began to class themselves as in effect sculptors working in glass, and as part of the fine arts. Some of the most common techniques for producing glass art include: blowing, kiln-casting, fusing, slumping, pate-de-verre, flame-working, hot-sculpting and cold-working. Cold work includes traditional stained glass work as well as other methods of shaping glass at room temperature. Glass can also be cut with a diamond saw, or copper wheels embedded with abrasives, and polished to give gleaming facets; the technique used in creating Waterford crystal. Art is sometimes etched into glass via the use of acid, caustic, or abrasive substances. Traditionally this was done after the glass was blown or cast. In the 1920s a new mould-etch process was invented, in which art was etched directly into the mould, so that each cast piece emerged from the mould with the image already on the surface of the glass. This reduced manufacturing costs and, combined with a wider use of colored glass, led to cheap glassware in the 1930s, which later became known as Depression glass. As the types of acids used in this process are extremely hazardous, abrasive methods have gained popularity. Another technique is devitrification. Objects made out of glass include not only traditional objects such as vessels (bowls, vases, bottles, and other containers), paperweights, marbles, beads, but an endless range of sculpture and installation art as well. Colored glass is often used, though sometimes the glass is painted, innumerable examples exist of the use of stained glass. ** Museums ** Different from historical collections in general museums, in the art museums, we can see the change and develop in glass art.For example, the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Toledo Museum of Art, and Corning Museum of Glass, in Corning, New York, which houses the world's largest collection of glass art and its history, it has more than 45,000 objects in that museum. The Harvard Museum of Natural History has a collection of exceedingly detailed models of flowers made of color glass. These were lamp worked by Leopold Blaschka and his son Rudolph, who never displayed the method he used to make them. The Blaschka Glass Flowers are keeping quietin an inspiration to glassblowers today.

** The relation in the glass and anthem ** The glass is the crystallization of wisdom, it means the development of human, in the anthem, Equality learns the knowledge from the unmentionable time. He invented the light and it is same of the glass, it proves the development of human. Ayn Rand wants use Equality to show what the great creativity of human, the nature of human can not be change.

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